A. Sea Hunter:A medium-displacement unmanned surface vessel (MDUSV) developed by DARPA and the U.S. Navy, designed primarily for anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and surveillance missions. Autonomous navigation, long endurance (up to 70 days), low operational cost, equipped with various sensors (radar, sonar).Capable of detecting and tracking diesel-electric submarines autonomously over vast distances.Sea Hunter has been involved in various operational testing phases, including detecting submarines and integrating with manned naval assets.
B. Sea Hawk:An advanced version of the Sea Hunter, designed to enhance ASW capabilities further.Improved autonomy, longer endurance, additional sensors, and potential weapon systems.Greater flexibility and mission adaptability, including surveillance, electronic warfare, and ASW.Sea Hawk continues to undergo testing and evaluation to enhance operational performance.
C. Overlord USVs:A program that involves the conversion of commercial vessels into large USVs capable of conducting extended-range and multi-mission operations.Advanced autonomy, integration with weapons systems, command and control functions, long endurance, and scalable architecture. Provide multi-mission support, including ISR (intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance), electronic warfare, and mine countermeasures.Tested in multiple exercises to assess their integration with the manned fleet and other USVs.
D. MUSV (Medium Unmanned Surface Vessel):A new class of medium-sized USVs, aimed at providing ISR, electronic warfare, and communication relay capabilities.Equipped with sensors, electronic warfare systems, and communication suites. Enhances the fleet's situational awareness, supports distributed maritime operations, and serves as a force multiplier.Prototypes are being built and tested, with plans for future integration into naval operations.
E. Ranger and Nomad:Two large USVs part of the Overlord program, converted from commercial vessels.
Extended endurance, advanced autonomy, capable of handling various payloads for ISR, electronic warfare, and combat support.Used for testing integration with other naval assets and proving the concept of large USV operations.Participated in multiple Navy exercises, including the RIMPAC (Rim of the Pacific) exercise.
2. Current USVs Used by the UK Royal Navy
A. Mast-13:A 13-meter autonomous surface vessel developed by L3Harris in collaboration with the Royal Navy for mine countermeasures (MCM) and autonomous maritime operations. High-speed capability (up to 45 knots), equipped with a suite of sensors including radar, cameras, and sonar systems for navigation, surveillance, and mine detection. Designed for autonomous mine hunting, reconnaissance, and patrolling in coastal and littoral zones. It can deploy and recover smaller autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) for mine detection and neutralization.Used in trials for MCM operations and integrated into the Royal Navy's "Project Wilton," a program focused on developing autonomous mine-hunting technologies.
B. Madfox:A modified version of the L3Harris Mast-9 USV, part of the Royal Navy’s experimentation program to explore autonomous capabilities in maritime operations.Can operate autonomously or be remotely controlled, equipped with sensors for navigation, obstacle avoidance, and data gathering.Used for trials in autonomous navigation, surveillance, and data collection. It has demonstrated capabilities in collaborative operations with manned vessels.Part of the NavyX innovation program to test and evaluate new technologies, including autonomous operations and integration with other naval assets.
C. BAS (British Antarctic Survey) Boaty McBoatface:
An autonomous underwater and surface vessel developed for environmental research, named after the popular public voting campaign. While primarily an underwater drone, it can also perform limited surface operations. Equipped with sensors for environmental monitoring, sonar mapping, and scientific data collection in extreme conditions. Gathers data for climate research, including monitoring ocean currents, temperature, and salinity in the Antarctic region.Used by the British Antarctic Survey for research missions, contributing to the understanding of climate change and polar environments.
D. C-Enduro:A long-endurance USV developed by L3Harris and used by the Royal Navy for surveillance and data collection.Powered by a combination of solar panels, wind turbines, and diesel generators, providing up to three months of operational endurance.Conducts environmental monitoring, maritime surveillance, and data-gathering missions. It can be equipped with various sensors and communication tool.Utilized in trials and operational deployments for environmental monitoring, data collection, and maritime security.
E. Halcyon:A demonstrator USV developed by Thales for mine countermeasures and autonomous surface operations.Modular design allowing it to be fitted with a variety of sensors and equipment, including sonar and mine-hunting payloads.Designed for autonomous mine detection, identification, and neutralization, as well as providing a testbed for new technologies in autonomous naval operations.Part of the UK's Maritime Mine Counter Measures (MMCM) program in collaboration with France, aimed at developing a joint autonomous mine-hunting capability.
F. Arcims USV: A highly versatile USV used by the Royal Navy for mine countermeasures. It can operate autonomously or via remote control and is equipped with a wide range of sensors and systems for detecting and neutralizing mines.
3. French Navy
A. D19 USV: A mine warfare USV developed by ECA Group. The D19 is specifically designed for mine detection, classification, and neutralization. It is equipped with a variety of sonar systems and can deploy mine-neutralizing charges autonomously.
B. STERNA USV: Another USV used by the French Navy for mine countermeasures. STERNA is equipped with advanced sonar systems and can operate autonomously to map and detect mines in coastal waters.
C. Inspector 125:A multi-purpose USV developed by ECA Group, designed for mine countermeasures (MCM), surveillance, and protection missions.Length of 12.3 meters, capable of speeds up to 25 knots, and equipped with a variety of sensors, such as radar, sonar, and electro-optical systems.Used for autonomous mine detection, identification, and neutralization, surveillance operations, and protecting naval assets. Can deploy and recover autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs).Part of the French Navy's effort to develop autonomous mine warfare capabilities, including its integration within the Maritime Mine Counter Measures (MMCM) program, a joint initiative with the UK.
D. DriX:An unmanned surface and subsea survey vessel designed by iXblue for hydrographic, geophysical, and environmental monitoring applications. It has also been adapted for naval use.Equipped with advanced sonar systems, autonomous navigation capabilities, and a unique hull design that provides stability and efficiency in varying sea conditions.Can perform underwater mapping, reconnaissance, and surveillance missions. Suitable for both military and civilian uses, such as seabed mapping, oceanographic research, and environmental monitoring.Used by the French Navy for hydrographic surveying and mine countermeasures support, demonstrating its adaptability in different operational environments.
E. Sterenn Du:An experimental USV developed by the French Navy to test and evaluate new technologies and concepts in autonomous maritime operations.Small-sized USV with modular capabilities, equipped with sensors for navigation, communication, and environmental monitoring.Conducts trials for autonomous navigation, command and control systems, and integration with manned vessels and other unmanned systems.Used primarily for research and development purposes, allowing the French Navy to explore new operational concepts and technology integration.
F. SEAMaster 12:A 12-meter USV developed by Naval Group for mine warfare and surveillance missions.High modularity, equipped with mine detection and neutralization payloads, capable of remote and autonomous operations.Conducts MCM operations autonomously or in coordination with manned vessels, provides real-time data to command centers, and enhances situational awareness.Part of ongoing efforts by the French Navy to enhance its mine countermeasures capability.
4. Current USVs Used by the German Navy
A. SeaFox USV:An expendable, remotely operated mine disposal system, developed by Atlas Elektronik, primarily used for mine countermeasure (MCM) operations.Compact size, lightweight, and equipped with a sonar for mine detection and classification, and a small explosive charge for neutralizing detected mines.Designed to detect and destroy naval mines. It is remotely controlled from a manned ship and can operate in shallow and deep waters.Widely used by the German Navy (Deutsche Marine) for mine countermeasures, particularly in areas with a high density of mines or unexploded ordnance. Also used by other NATO navies, demonstrating its reliability in MCM roles.
B. MANTAS T12:A versatile unmanned surface vessel developed by Maritime Tactical Systems (MARTAC), tested by the German Navy for various missions, including intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance (ISR), and harbor security.High-speed capabilities, stealth design, and can carry different payloads like cameras, sensors, and electronic warfare equipment.Conducts ISR missions, harbor security, and rapid response tasks. It can operate autonomously or be remotely controlled and offers high endurance and agility.The German Navy has tested the MANTAS T12 for port and harbor security applications, as well as for conducting ISR missions in confined and shallow waters.
C. FAST USV:An experimental unmanned surface vessel developed by the German Navy in collaboration with industry partners to test advanced technologies for maritime operations.Equipped with advanced navigation systems, sensors, and autonomous control systems. Modular in design, allowing the integration of various payloads.Used primarily for research and development purposes to evaluate new technologies, autonomous systems, and control algorithms.Tested in various operational scenarios to assess its suitability for different missions, including surveillance, mine countermeasures, and patrol operations.
D. MUSV (Maritime Unmanned Surface Vehicle):A larger, multi-purpose USV concept that is currently in the development and testing phase. It aims to support the German Navy in multiple roles, including ISR, mine countermeasures, and electronic warfare.Capable of carrying modular payloads, such as sonar for mine detection, electronic warfare systems, and communication relays.Designed for long-endurance missions, autonomous or semi-autonomous operations, and integration with other manned and unmanned naval assets.In the research and development stage, with trials focusing on enhancing autonomous capabilities, payload integration, and multi-role functionality.
5. Current USVs Used by the Chinese Navy
A. JARI USV:A multi-purpose, medium-sized unmanned surface vessel developed by the China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation (CSIC), often compared to a mini-destroyer in terms of its modular design and capability.Length of 15 meters, capable of speeds up to 42 knots. Equipped with a variety of weapon systems, including a 30mm cannon, surface-to-air missiles, and torpedoes, along with radar, electro-optical sensors, and sonar systems.Designed for a wide range of missions, including anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-surface warfare (ASuW), air defense, electronic warfare, and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR).Displayed at international defense exhibitions and actively tested by the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) for potential integration into naval operations.
B. Jinghai Class USV:A stealthy, fast USV designed primarily for ISR missions, developed by the China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC).Small size, stealthy design with reduced radar cross-section, capable of high speeds, equipped with various sensors, including radar, sonar, and electronic warfare suites.Conducts coastal surveillance, reconnaissance, and electronic intelligence gathering missions. Can be used for perimeter security, patrolling, and reconnaissance in sensitive areas.Undergoing trials and evaluations for integration into the PLAN's fleet for coastal and near-shore operations.
C. L30 USV:A medium-sized USV developed for mine countermeasures (MCM), ASW, and ISR missions.Modular design with a length of about 12-15 meters, equipped with sonar, radar, and electro-optical systems. It can carry various payloads for MCM, such as towed sonar arrays or mine-detection drones.Autonomous mine detection, neutralization, anti-submarine patrols, and surveillance operations. Can operate independently or in collaboration with manned platforms.Participates in PLAN exercises, particularly in regions like the South China Sea, where MCM capabilities are crucial.
D. Meiya USV:A small USV designed for maritime security, surveillance, and environmental monitoring, developed by Beijing Highlander Digital Technology.Modular, with a range of up to 300 nautical miles and capable of operating autonomously or being remotely controlled.Performs maritime surveillance, port and coastal security, and environmental monitoring tasks. Can carry small sensors and payloads for ISR and reconnaissance missions. Used by the Chinese Navy and Coast Guard for patrolling, surveillance, and monitoring purposes.
E. Tianxing-1:An experimental USV developed for autonomous navigation and surveillance, focused on testing advanced technologies for future naval applications.Small-sized USV with advanced sensors, GPS, and artificial intelligence algorithms for navigation and mission execution.Conducts autonomous patrol, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions, with a focus on data gathering and real-time information relay. Used for technology demonstrations and research to enhance AI and autonomous navigation capabilities.
6. Current USVs Used by the South Korean Navy
A. ASWUUV (Anti-Submarine Warfare Unmanned Underwater Vehicle) USV:A hybrid unmanned system capable of both surface and underwater operations, developed by Hanwha Systems in collaboration with the South Korean Navy for anti-submarine warfare (ASW).Modular design with integrated sonar systems for both active and passive detection, a compact size optimized for maneuverability, and a remote or autonomous operation capability.Primarily used for detecting and tracking enemy submarines. Equipped with towed sonar arrays and other sensors to conduct ASW operations autonomously or in conjunction with manned assets.Actively tested and deployed in coastal waters for anti-submarine operations, especially in regions near the Northern Limit Line (NLL) with North Korea.
B. Haeseong-7: A medium-sized, multi-role USV developed by LIG Nex1, designed for surveillance, reconnaissance, and mine countermeasure missions.Equipped with radar, sonar, electro-optical sensors, and communication systems. Capable of both remote control and autonomous navigation.Conducts ISR missions, mine detection, and neutralization, coastal and harbor patrols, and can also serve as a communication relay for other naval assets.Currently used by the South Korean Navy for surveillance and reconnaissance missions, and evaluated for mine countermeasures roles.
C. Haeyeon-2:A smaller USV designed for mine countermeasures (MCM), primarily developed by South Korea's Agency for Defense Development (ADD) and Korean defense companies.Features a shallow draft, modular payloads for mine detection and neutralization, and autonomous navigation capabilities.
Detects, identifies, and neutralizes mines autonomously or semi-autonomously. Can deploy and recover AUVs or remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) to assist in MCM missions.Part of the South Korean Navy’s initiative to modernize its mine warfare capabilities and reduce the risk to human crews.
D. Unmanned Patrol Boat (UPB):A small, fast USV developed by Hanwha Defense for maritime security and coastal patrol operations.High speed (up to 40 knots), remote or autonomous operation, and equipped with a suite of sensors including cameras, radar, and electro-optical systems.Designed for coastal and port security, reconnaissance, and patrol missions. Can also be equipped with non-lethal deterrent systems.Tested for port and coastal security roles, particularly in regions where threats from small boats or asymmetric warfare tactics may be present.
7. Current USVs Used by the Russian Navy
A. Project 03160 "Raptor" USV:An unmanned version of the "Raptor" class patrol boat developed for coastal defense, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions.Equipped with advanced optical-electronic systems, radar, and electronic warfare equipment. It can be remotely controlled or operate autonomously.Designed for patrol and security missions in coastal areas, detection of underwater threats, and rapid response to surface threats. Can also serve as a communication relay for other naval units.Tested and used in the Black Sea and Baltic Sea regions for reconnaissance and coastal patrol operations, particularly in contested areas.
B. "Grachonok" USV:A modified, unmanned version of the manned "Grachonok" anti-sabotage boat used by the Russian Navy for base and port security.Outfitted with sonar systems, infrared sensors, and non-lethal deterrent equipment. Capable of autonomous navigation and remote control. Primarily used for anti-sabotage and anti-diver missions around naval bases and critical infrastructure. Can detect and neutralize underwater threats such as divers and unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs).Actively deployed around major Russian naval bases, such as those in Sevastopol and the Baltic Fleet's headquarters, to enhance perimeter security.
C. "Kaira" USV:A small, multi-purpose USV developed by the Russian defense company Almaz-Antey for mine countermeasures (MCM), surveillance, and reconnaissance missions.Equipped with sonar, cameras, and radar systems for detecting mines and conducting ISR operations. Can be remotely controlled or operate autonomously. Used for MCM operations, detecting and neutralizing naval mines, and ISR missions. Also capable of coastal surveillance and supporting larger naval units.Used in trials and operations in the Baltic Sea and the Arctic region, where MCM capabilities are critical due to the presence of historical minefields.
D. "Sargan" USV:A medium-sized USV designed for electronic warfare (EW) and ISR missions. Developed as part of Russia's effort to enhance its electronic warfare capabilities.Equipped with advanced EW equipment, radar, and communication jamming systems. Capable of remote operation and autonomous navigation.Used to disrupt enemy communications and radar systems, conduct electronic surveillance, and gather intelligence. Can also serve as a decoy to attract enemy fire away from manned assets.Tested in various naval exercises in the Arctic and Pacific fleets to assess its effectiveness in EW roles.
E. "Inspector Mk 2" USV:A versatile USV developed for mine countermeasures, ISR, and environmental monitoring. Built by Russian defense company Morinformsystem-Agat.Equipped with sonar, cameras, environmental sensors, and communication equipment. Can be remotely controlled or operate autonomously.Conducts MCM operations by detecting and neutralizing mines, gathers intelligence through ISR missions, and monitors environmental conditions in coastal waters.Deployed in the Baltic and Black Seas for MCM and ISR missions. Also used in joint exercises with other Russian naval assets.
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